The Impact of the London City Airport Expansion on the Surrounding Essay

The Impact of the London City Airport Expansion on the Surrounding Property Values - Essay Example It is the main Airport found only two miles from the site of the 2012 Olympic Games and three miles from Canary Wharf. As a feature of the extension program for it takeoff relax, London City Airport burned through  £30 million (US$60 million) for the development of four new airplane stopping stands (Bonnassies, 2008). Fundamentally, the said development venture was in the end finished back in May 2008. Reg Ward, the Chief Executive of the London Docklands Development Corporation (LDDC), was the principal individual who created vital ways on the best way to build the operational effectiveness of the air terminal in 1981 (London City Airport Consultative Committee, 2009). It was in 1987 when the London City Airport was conceded for course licenses from the CAA before it was authoritatively opened. One year after the air terminal was opened to people in general, LDDC figured out how to deal with as much as 133,000 travelers inside its first year of activity (London City Airport Consultative Committee, 2009). The runway of the air terminal was just 1,080 meters long with a float incline of 7.5 degrees. Because of the restricted space, LDDC figured out how to serve just a couple of quantities of little size airplane. In those days, LDDC was offering its runway just to De Havilland Canada Dash 7 and the littler Dornier Do 228 which are ordinarily utilized for traveler administrations, ca rgo, and other observation and military purposes (London City Airport Consultative Committee, 2009b). To offer its assistance to bigger airplane types, LDDC chose to grow its runway in 1989. In 1990, LDDC had the option to deal with as much as 230,000 travelers (London City Airport Consultative Committee, 2009). In any case, the quantity of travelers fundamentally diminished after the occurrence of the Gulf War. It was uniquely until 1993 when the air terminal figured out how to build the quantity of travelers up to 245,000 (London City Airport Consultative Committee, 2009). During that year, LDDC’s expanded

International Human Resourse Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Universal Human Resourse Management - Essay Example Be that as it may, in the ongoing years, the relationship has improved. The mining bargains among Congo and China depend on a success win system whereby China helps the nation to build up its foundation as China gains as far as crude materials. Regardless of this, there have been discussions over the arrangements with certain individuals considering the to be as just advantageous to China alone. Interest in Congo by China through the state bolstered CHINALCO has been confronted with discussions. The significant issue is on the work and the board of HR. In the ongoing years, China has become an ecumenically powerful nation. The economy of China has created to one of the most elevated on the planet. Its impact in assembling and innovation is felt all over the place (Alden, Large, 2008, 67). Chinese items are found in each nation. The financial improvement in China has accompanied difficulties to the Chinese. To continue the turn of events, a ton of crude materials are required. The assembling business in the nation requires a ton of fuel as far as oil. Lamentably, China needs more crude materials. Therefore, China selects to import the crude materials from different nations. Africa has been the best alternative for bringing in the crude materials from. The majority of the African nations likewise have assets that have not been abused. Likewise, the vast majority of the African nations are immature, confronted with destitution and without money to build up their characteristic assets. Because of this circumstance, most African nations invite remote venture from Chinese firms. Chinese outside speculation is planned for obtaining authority over mining enterprises. The assembling business in China requires a ton of minerals which add up to a huge number of tons. These minerals are not accessible in the nation and China needs to hotspot for minerals from remote nations. The costs of minerals and different assets in most created nations are high (Alden, Large, 2008, 78). Most Chinese organizations that bargain in the mining business manage minerals that are required in the assembling organizations in the nation. Subsequently, a large portion of the outside financial specialists get government backing to put resources into different nations. The vast majority of the Chinese government's help to their remote speculators comes in type of appropriations. The legislature likewise puts resources into framework in the host nations to make the earth for business to be better (BBC, 2008, 1). Moreover, the Chinese government makes manages the host nation to make the bus iness condition ideal. The minerals which China has been intrigued with include: Oil, Cobalt, Cooper, Diamond and different minerals. The achievement of China in the mining enterprises of different nations has been added to by their distinctive procurement draws near. The arrangements between Chinese organizations and the host nations permit the Chinese organizations to abuse the characteristic assets while the Chinese government aids the improvement of the nations' foundations. The development of the Chinese economy has prompted the advancement of

A Support Person Is Necessary for Treating Phobias

A Support Person Is Necessary for Treating Phobias February 17, 2020 Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images/Getty Images More in Phobias Treatment Causes Symptoms and Diagnosis Types Theres no need to face your phobia alone; a support person can help you better manage your condition and get the help you need. After all, combating a phobia, which the American Psychiatric Association defines as an irrational and excessive fear of an object or situation, can be exhausting and time-consuming!   So what exactly is a support person?  Although the term can refer to your therapist or other members of your treatment team, its most often used to describe a close friend or relative who plays the roles of advocate, confidant, and cheerleader.  Friends and family members can form the first line of support for someone suffering from a phobia. Find Types of Psychotherapist That Can Help You The amount of support required depends on the nature and severity of your phobia; your personal resources; and the frequency with which you encounter your phobic situation.  Some people have a single support person, but its usually best to have one primary and several secondary support people, especially  if the feared situation is one that is frequently encountered. Having a few people to turn to can ensure that you always have help and that your support people stay fresh and energetic. Its  important to open up to your support person or support people about your phobia, triggers, and methods of coping.  A deep level of trust must be present on both sides.  Depending on your situation, your support person might: Accompany you to therapist appointments.Go with you to events that trigger your phobia.Preview situations to see if youll be able to handle them.Just lend an ear or offer a hug when youre feeling overwhelmed. Types of Social Support There are many ways that people can support one another and different people have preferences for a certain type or a combination or a few types of social support. The wrong type of support can actually have a detrimental effect so its important to specify which type of support you find most helpful. Here are  four distinct types of social support that may work for you. Emotional support:  This typically involves physical comfort and empathy. With emotional support, a friend or spouse might give you a big hug and listen to your problems, letting you know that they’ve felt the same way, too.Esteem support:  Expressions of confidence or encouragement are often found in this type of support. For instance, someone offering esteem support might point out your strengths or simply let you know that they believe in you.  Informational support:  Those offering informational support do so in the form of advice-giving, or in gathering and sharing information.Tangible support:  Tangible support includes taking an active stance to help someone manage a problem they’re experiencing. Someone who offers you tangible support may bring you dinner when you’re sick, help you brainstorm solutions or help you actively deal with the issue at hand.

Conflict, Man Vs. Society - 1335 Words

Conflict In a story the conflict moves the plot making it one of the most important features. There are four types of conflict, man vs. man, man vs. nature, man vs. society, and man vs. himself. In the short story â€Å"The Necklace† the conflict would be described as man vs. himself, or man vs. society. The first idea that supports that statement would be when the author introduces the main character, Mathilde . He tells of how she is taunted about her shabby apartment for its dingy walls, worn-out furniture, and ugly drapes. This is not only an external conflict of man vs. society, but it fuels the internal conflict. Mathilde thinks she deserves a better life than what she has with more riches and luxuries because of her beauty and charm. She is also resentful of her husband not being any higher class This is an internal conflict because Mathilde is not satisfied with her life and cannot accept how it is. This conflict giving the readers an explanation of Mathilde and the story’s first problem. The second idea supporting the conflict being man vs. himself or man vs. society, is when Mathilde s husband invites her to a ball. He thought it would make her delighted, but instead she is sad everyone will show up beautifully dressed, while she does not even have an appropriate g own. This conflict is a mixture of man vs. man, and man vs. society, because even though she is doubting herself of elegancy, she is being persuaded by the fact of everyone else being dressedShow MoreRelatedAnalysis of four types of conflict in John Steinbecks The Grapes of Wrath, man versus man, man versus nature, man versus society, and man versus himself.1463 Words   |  6 Pageswith conflict. The family experiences all of the four major types of conflicts: man vs. himself, man vs. society, man vs. nature, and man vs. man. In the case of The Grapes of Wrath, man represents the Joad family as a single unit. They experience conflict within the family itself, with the society they are coming from as well as the one they are going to, and with nature and the elements. The man vs. man conflict is usually just a more specific example of one of the other areas of conflict. TheRead MoreConflict Can Not Survive Without Your Participation863 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Conflict cannot survive without your participation,† uttered a renowned author by the name of Wayne Dyer. Dyer implies that conflict can only continue if you keep yourself in the situation. This remark identifies the foundation of the plot in the short story â€Å"By Any Other Name,† written by Santha Rama Rau, where conflicts arrived to the main characters when they attended their new Anglo-Indian school due to their mother’s ill state. They encounter the headmistress for the Anglo-Indian school, whoRead MoreRendition Of A Single Day1318 Words   |  6 PagesIn One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich, Alexander Solzhenitsyn portrays the fictional rendition of a single day’s conflicts for a Zek within a Stalinist labor camp. Conflict aids the novel by allowing the reader to better understand the endeavors the prisoners experience. To express the conditions within the gulags, Solzhenitsyn shows how Ivan survives his agonizing daily tasks. From working through frigid temperatures to trudging through the surroundings of snow and ice, Ivan and the other prisonersRead MoreThe Most Dangerous Game And Porphyrias Lover Analysis848 Words   |  4 Pagesin no way is that normal. The authors use obsession to show man vs. man, man vs. nature and man vs. society. Browning and Connell use conflict to convey that trusting someone may lead to a negative outcome, that can show ones true intentions. The authors use man vs. man to show obsession. In the most dangerous game Rainsford and General Zaroff are in a hunt. Ransford is the game and the general is the hunter. This is a man vs. man conflict because two people are against each other. â€Å"‘My dear fellowRead MoreConflict In Anglo-Saxon And Medieval Literature1476 Words   |  6 PagesConflict in both Anglo-Saxon and Medieval literature reflect the culture of the people and the time they are living in. Both of their literature heavily reflects the culture of knighthood and courtly love in the stories: â€Å"The Wanderer,† â€Å"Beowulf,† â€Å"The Nun’s Priest’s Tale,† â€Å"Sir Orfeo,† and â€Å"Lanval.† Conflict in these stories is not only used to provide reference of the culture but as well to drive the plot, provide tension and excitement, and to develop the characters in the story. Such conflictsRead MoreA New Edition Of A Textbook Should Not Be Weighed Down By Subpar Literature904 Words   |  4 Pagesshould be kept, and what should be removed starts with the two stories of A Good Man is Hard to Find and Why I Live at the P.O. The first, a twisted tale of a family’s vacation. The second, being a boring tale of a family’s favoritism of one child over another. The expectation of this paper is to convince the editor as to why A Good Man is Hard to Find should be kept, rather than, Why I Live at the P.O. A Good Man is Hard to Find and Why I Live at the P.O. both have a storyline that follows twoRead MoreConflict of Opposing Forces in Of Mice and Men Essay673 Words   |  3 PagesConflict is a struggle between opposing forces. There can be multiple conflicts in a story. This is the case in Of Mice and Men. In chapters three and four, there are man vs. man, man vs. self, and man vs. society conflicts. As George and Lennie interact with the workers on the ranch, sometimes conflicts arise between them. Man vs. man is a type of conflict in which two or more characters are pitted against each other. Candy, an old man on the ranch, has a conflict with Carlson in chapter threeRead MoreConflicts Of Literature : The Foundation Of The World1425 Words   |  6 PagesConflicts in Literature: To a God Unknown The foundation of the world has been constructed by numerous influences over time with one of the most popular being the Bible. Known as the world s best-selling book, the Bible has influenced many sectors of society including religion, history, language and lifestyles. Despite the book’s evident influences on society throughout history, the studying and teaching of this spiritual book has significantly decreased generation by generation. JohnRead MoreThe Crucible879 Words   |  4 Pagesinteresting themes were man vs. society, man vs. man, and man vs. self-internal. For instance, the theme man vs. society was present when Abigail and the other girls were found dancing. In act I, Parris asked Abigail to tell the truth and confess that they were dancing, she responded â€Å"we did dance, uncle† (Miller p.138). Abigail and the girls were afraid to confess because they would later have to face what the people in town would be commentating about them. In their society dancing was not permittedRead MoreThe Running Dream Character Analysis1165 Words   |  5 PagesMakaya Fofana Conflict in The Running Dream The Running Dream by Wendelin Van Draanen is an example of literature in which the protagonist faces a considerable amount of conflict in different forms. Not only does the protagonist, Jessica Carlisie, face conflict, but also the characters who were there to support her, such as her father and Rosa (Jessica’s friend), battled conflict of their own. Jessica Carlisie was an unfortunate victim of a bus crash on her way home from a track meet. As

How The Behaviours And Body Languages Of Males And Females...

On November 13, I decided to analyze how the behaviours and body languages of males and females during a bus ride by using participant observation as my method of collecting data (also commonly known as ethnographic field notes). I did this experiment by taking the Translink #49 bus from the University of British Columbia bus loop at 1 PM in the afternoon to the final stop, Metrotown Station and rode the same bus back to campus at 6 PM in the evening. I believe the data I have gathered from this observation is very interesting because in Canada, there is an emphasis on closing the sex gap between males and females by showing that there are little or no differences (excluding the physical sense) between the two. Therefore, I was curious if there were behavioural and social variations between the two sexes in an open space, and I thought that observing other people’s actions and body languages on a public transportation like the bus would be able to answer my questions if there were differences . I would argue that we can learn a lot from the way we act through the patterns I have seen and use that to be more conscious about our actions when we hop on a bus ride. Originally, I expected to find little difference between the two sexes, because I did not anticipate that humans would act differently due to their sex in a closed space that they had to stay in for a temporary amount of time. However, my findings have shown that there are varying patterns of behaviour between malesShow MoreRelatedConsumer Lifestyle in Singapore35714 Words   |  143 PagesInternational December 2012 CONSUMER LIFESTYLES IN SINGAPORE Passport I LIST OF CONTENTS AND TABLES Consumer Habits in Context......................................................................................................... 1 Current Behaviour Within the Broader Economic Climate ........................................................ 1 Consumer Confidence .............................................................................................................. 2 Misery Index ....Read More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesSome Simple Graphical Displays 12 Activity 1.1 Head Sizes: Understanding Variability 22 Activity 1.2 Estimating Sizes 23 Activity 1.3 A Meaningful Paragraph 24 1 2 Collecting Data Sensibly 2.2 Sampling 32 27 2.1 Statistical Studies: Observation and Experimentation 27 2.3 Simple Comparative Experiments 42 2.4 More on Experimental Design 51 2.5 More on Observational Studies: Designing Surveys (Optional) 56 2.6 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 61 ActivityRead MoreOrganisational Theory230255 Words   |  922 PagesMcAuley, Duberley and Johnson’s Organizational Theory takes you on a joyful ride through the developments of one of the great enigmas of our time – How should we understand the organization? Jan Ole Similà ¤, Assistant Professor, Nord-Trà ¸ndelag University College, Norway I really enjoyed this new text and I am sure my students will enjoy it, too. It combines rigorous theoretical argument with application and consideration of how managment practice is formed and shaped by ideas and concepts. The authorsRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCreating a Positive Work Environment 22 â⠂¬ ¢ Improving Ethical Behavior 22 Coming Attractions: Developing an OB Model 23 An Overview 23 †¢ Inputs 24 †¢ Processes 25 †¢ Outcomes 25 Summary and Implications for Managers 30 S A L Self-Assessment Library How Much Do I Know About Organizational Behavior? 4 Myth or Science? â€Å"Most Acts of Workplace Bullying Are Men Attacking Women† 12 An Ethical Choice Can You Learn from Failure? 24 glOBalization! Does National Culture Affect Organizational Practices? 30 Point/CounterpointRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 Pages6.3 : PPP in India Box 6.4 : Package for Promotion of Small and Medium Entrepreneurs, 2007 vi Entrepreneurship in India Acknowledgements The Commission is grateful to all those who were generous with their time and provided valuable inputs during the study. At the heart of the report are the entrepreneurs, who responded with tremendous enthusiasm in sharing their experiences with the National Knowledge Commission (NKC). The oneon-one interviews with entrepreneurs in Pune, Kolkata, ChennaiRead MoreMonsanto: Better Living Through Genetic Engineering96204 Words   |  385 PagesSUMMARY OF THE CASE ANALYSIS PROCESS Case analysis is an essential part of a strategic management course and is also perhaps the most entertaining part of such a course. The ‘full story’ that follows this summary gives you considerable detail about how to go about a case analysis, but for now here is a brief account. Before we start, a word about attitude – make it a real exercise. You have a set of historical facts; use a rigorous system to work out what strategies should be followed. All the cases

Law Revision Free Essays

She care for her own self interest and has not bring a new product opportunity to FAA Case: Re Come 191 1 Fact: A father had been assisted in his business by his second son. After the father’s death, the mother transferred the business assets to that second son. After her death, the elder son sought the transfer Of those assets back into her estate, saying that in the absence of her having taken independent advice, the younger son’s position brought an implication of undue influence. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Revision or any similar topic only for you Order Now Director’s fiduciary duties are owed only to the company, not to the individual share holders. Case: Percival v Wright 1902 Facts: Percival wished to sell his shares in the company and wrote to the company secretary asking if he knew f anyone willing to buy. After negotiations, the chairman of the board of directors arranged the purchase of 253 shares, 85 for himself and 84 for each of his fellow directors at a price based on Percival valuation of the shares. The transfers were approved by the board and the transactions completed. Soon afterwards, Percival discovered that prior to and during the negotiations for the sale of his shares, another person was negotiating with the board for the purchase of the whole company and was offering various prices for shares, all of which exceeded the price paid to Percival. Percival then brought n action against the directors asking for the sale of his shares to be set aside for non-disclosure. Held: The directors are not trustee for the individual shareholders and may purchase their shares without disclosing that they are negotiating for the sale of the entire company. Fruity has not informed to the board of FAA when she set up a company called Cure Life Ltd (CLC) and become majority shareholder. Case: The board of trustees of the Saba Foundation Or’s v Dates Seed chick bin Seed Mohamed nor [1 999] ‘A fiduciary is someone who has undertake to act for or on behalf of another in a particular tater in circumstances which give rise to a relationship of trust and confidence. The distinguishing obligation of a fiduciary is the obligation of loyalty. The principal is entitled to the single minded loyalty of his fiduciary†¦ This core liability has several facts. A fiduciary must act in good faith; he must not make for his own benefit or the benefit of a third person without the informed consent Of his principal. This is not intended to be an exhaustive list, but it is sufficient to indicate the nature of fiduciary obligations.. They are the defining characteristics of the fiduciary†¦ E is not subject to fiduciary obligations because he is fiduciary; it is because he is subject to them that he is a fiduciary. ‘ The key fide carry obligations of the directors are To act Boniface in the interest of the company Directors are required to act Boniface for the benefit of the company as a whole. The Act also imposes similar duty on directors: SSL 32 (1) Case: Re Lee Barrens Ltd [1932] Facts: A dispute arose over the purchase by the company of pension policies for the benefit of employees and their spouses. It was claimed that the particular policy issued was a misuse of the directors’ power. Held: The judge set out a three part test for determining whether the directors were using their powers properly: (1) Was the transaction entered into in good faith? (2) Was the transaction reasonably incidental to the carrying on of the company’s business? (3) Was the transaction done for the benefit of the company and to promote its prosperity? 1) No (2) NO (3) Yes TO exercise their power under the company’s constitution for proper purpose Because directors are fiduciaries they can only exercise powers given to them for the purpose for which those powers were given and for no other purpose or which those powers were given and for no other purpose, and the exercise of a power for an improper purpose can be challenged even if the directors’ good faith is not in question To avoid conflict of interest and not to profit from their position In the situation, Fruity has proposed FAA enters into a contract with CLC to buy supplies of the organic fruit drink product for resale. The board agrees and as part of the contract Fruity negotiates with the board that she will be paid RUMOR,000 commission because she drew the board’s attention to this new product opportunity. The board of FAA did not know that Fruity is the majority shareholder of CLC. There is a conflict of interest between the two position Managing Director of Freshness Always Sad Bad and as the majority shareholder of CLC. Fruity also has set up the price for commission of RUMOR,OOH to draw attention towards the new product opportunity. Case: Aberdeen Railway co v Blaine Brose [1843-60] Facts: The railway company agreed to buy chairs from a partnership, Blaine Brose. Blaine, a member of the partnership was also a director of the company. When the partners tried to enforce the contract the company successfully claimed that the contract was avoidable owing to the director’s conflict of interest. Held: Lord Charwoman said: â€Å"His duty to the company imposed on him the obligation of obtaining these iron chairs at the lowest possible price. His personal interest would let him in an entirely opposite direction – would induce him to fix the price as high as possible. This is the very evil against which the rule is directed. † A director has a duty not to make a personal profit out of his connection with the company. This rule applies even if no loss is suffered by the company. However, if he does he must count for the profit to the company. Fruity has make a personal profit in connection with FAA and CLC. The FAA may suffer no loss due to FAA makes large profits selling the organic green product. Case: Industrial Development Consultants Ltd v Cooley [1 972] Facts: The managing director of IDS attempted to secure a contract on Id’s behalf with the Eastern Gas Board. KGB indicated to him that they were not prepared to deal with IDS but might be prepared to contract with the director (Cooley) personally. Cooley then represented to IDS that he was ill and was allowed to terminate his contract t short notice. He then negotiated with KGB and obtained the consultancy for himself. Held: He must account to IDS for the profit he obtained for the contracts. He was in breach of duty and it was immaterial that IDS could not have obtained the contract itself. Case: Cook v Deeds [1 91 6] Facts: Three directors of the Toronto Construction Co Ltd were supposed to be negotiating a construction contract on behalf of the company. Instead they formed another company and took the Contract for themselves. They were holders of 75% of the share capital of Toronto Construction, and used this charity to pass a resolution at general meeting that the company had no interest in the contract. Held: A director can normally keep a personal profit the company consents, but this consent is invalid if the director concerned controls the voting at general meeting. This was fraud on the minority. Section 131 (1) requires a director who is directly or indirectly interested in a contract with his company to declare promptly the nature of that interest at meeting of directors. Section 132(1) imposes a broad duty on directors at all the times to act honestly and exercise reasonable diligence in the exercise of heir power and the discharge of the duties of their office. This is based on a question of fact: case Yen Hinge enterprise Sad Bad v Dates Dry Eng pooh Aka [1 988] Regarding the extend of the meaning of â€Å"honesty’, the case of Multi Pack Singapore pet Ltd ( In Receivership ) v Interact Ltd Or’s [1994] explains that this does not mean that the directors had acted fraudulently, it means that he must act bona fide in the interests of the company and that in exercising his creation, the director should act only to promote and advance the interest of the company’. Misuse of confidential information How to cite Law Revision, Essays

Environmental Laws and Sustainability An Introduction

Question: Discuss the sustainable approaches and Issues with the Climate Changes and Global Warming? Answer: Introduction The sustainable development is defined in many ways. In one aspect, the sustainable development can be defined as the procedures for maintaining the healthy environment (Morelli, 2011, p.3). On the other hand, Nuangchalerm and Kwuanthong (2010, p.6) implied, the environmental management is concerning the effective interaction procedures of Environment with a human. The study on environmental management is identifying the desirable approaches to the environment by considering the economic, physical, technological and social constraints. However, some of the issues are also concerning the environmental hazards. The impact of climate change and global warming on the human beings is preventing the sustainable development aspects. It is very much indicative that the interdisciplinary and the transdisciplinary surroundings protect the environment from the complexities as well. The present world faces several natural calamities, the climate changing, erosion, flood, desertification, and def orestations. The study of sustainable development of the global environment requires the proper definition for understanding the approaches. In one aspect, Zhao et al. (2010, p.1555) mentioned that the globalization is the term used for building up the interrelation between the different countries. On the contrary, Suresh (2011, p.120) defined that the globalization is the other form of liberalization, which is entailing the restrictions set by the international government. However, it is to be noted that in this present world, the climate change issues have been much prominent in considering the relevance of the sustainable approaches. The living beings face several issues due to such global warming and the climate-changing scenario. Shen et al. (2013) indicated that the temperature of the earth is increasing, which is sometimes not feasible for the sustainable development. When any business companies are assuring the sustainability and the proper business environment, it is very much important to maintain the actual corporate social responsibility. The emission of the greenhouse gas is sometimes required for the industrial business, but the act of deforestation is not able to maintain the balance of the amount of CFC. Therefore, the environment has been suffering from the pollutions, which is harmful to every living being. On the other hand, the act of cutting down the trees is enhancing the amount of Carbon dioxide, which directly affects the environment. Even the waste of the natural resources that have been used in the industrial business is also ensuring the increased level of environmental hazards. The challenges are much prominent in concerning the increased level of the global warming. The increased level of the carbon emission is spreading over the atmosphere, and the emission of the GHGs is highlighting the issues with the economic activities. It is assured that people are very much concerned about the environment where they are living. However, in this present world, not only the local environment, the entire global scenario is in risks due to the global warming issues. Nuangchalerm and Kwuanthong (2010, p.7) mentioned that the little emissions of CFC is hampering the industrial business. As a result, the degradation of the ozone layer is quite prominent. The carbon dioxide extracted from several flaming materials can damage the climate more profoundly. As far as the human population is concerned, it is to be noted that both nature and the human beings are drastically affected with the increasing level of the carbon emission. Morelli (2011, p.9) defined that the natural re sources are also affected due to the climate changing scenario. Sustainable approaches In concerning the sustainable development, the judgment of the human attitude is very much important. The act of deforestations, over consumptions and wastages of the natural resource, and over a generation of waste can hamper the sustainability of the comfortable environment. It is very much indicative that in this present world, the rise of the different industries has become much prominent (Kolmannskog, 2013). Due to such implication, the human beings are adopting several amenities, which are giving rise to these deforestations and the waste of natural resources procedures. This is enhancing the larger scale of the biodiversity and soil slaughtering, which is hampering the ecosystem more profoundly. The present issues are concerning the sustainable development of the human beings living in this environment. The act of deforestations is increasing the level of the carbon dioxide and decreasing the level of oxygen. As a result, the Global warming issues have become very much prominent. The further evaluations of such challenges have been discussed below: Issues with the Climate Changes and Global Warming According to Kaiposzta (2013, p.2), to understand the issues underpinning the sustainable development, it is very much important to know the basic science regarding the global warming and greenhouse gasses. It is very much indicative that the emission of the greenhouse gas is causing the global warming. The absorption of the infra-red radiating on the surface of the earth can also cause global warming. The presence of the greenhouse gas is aligned with the current climate existed in the present environment. It is quite prominent that the sustainable approaches are very much significant. In this present world, the industrial business is assuring the technical amendments and the modified nature of the information technologies. Du (2011, p.1) implied that the industrial business required the emission of the CFC and therefore, nature sometimes gets affected with the increasing level of the carbon emission. The act of deforestations is surely decreasing the level of the oxygen emission and enhancing the level of the carbon dioxide. In this modernized world, the human beings are adopting some trends in deforesting and building up the new infrastructures. On the other aspects, the waste of the natural resource is also hampering the ecosystem (Dernbach and Mintz, 2011, p.535). This questions the sustainable development in concerning the secure life of the human being and other living beings. Oxygen is required for the respiratory system of the human beings and other living beings. In case of the deforestations, the level of oxygen decreases, which is hampering the lives. On the other hand, the industrial revolution needs the uses of the natural resources. It has been seen; the wastages are gathered in a place, which is causing the environmental pollution. Therefore, it is mandatory for the industries in recycling the natural resources for avoiding the environmental pollutions. Brandon (201 2, p.25) opined that the industrial business should recycle the natural resources, which can a relevant approach for saving the resources and reusing them. The usages of the recycled resources will be decreasing the pollution level, and the sustainability of the human beings will be concerned. However, it is very much indicative that the climate changing is creating the effects on the human beings. In some of the cases, the technical development is considering the use of the natural resource. However, the wastages of the natural resources can even affect the industrial works. The approaches in this modernized world are much fascinated with the act of deforestations, which is harmful not only to human beings, even for the other living beings as well. On the other hand, it is even justified that the reusable resources can enhance the business profitability and the sustainability of the global environment. However, it is needed to be sure that the global warming can affect the business when the level of carbon dioxide is increased. It is to be ensured that the social and the political issues are also concerning the evaluation of the nature of the global environment. The changes in climate are leading the political figures in the country in setting the different regulatory aspects, which is important for the sustainable approaches for the business entities. When the business companies are stabilizing the business, it is very much important for them to maintain the CSR rules and the welfare of the environment. In such cases, the environmental factor plays a very vital role. Boer (2010, p.3102) notified that the changing global climate is sometimes significantly affecting the business environment. The social, political, economical, and other aspects are much concerned. Even the increase level of the greenhouse gasses is sometimes affecting the industrial business as well as the human lives. The political scenario of a country can assure the business sustainability and the changes in climate can affect such scenari o. The social-economic scenario is much influenced by the changing climate and global warming. Therefore, it is very much necessary for the business companies even to maintain such global scenario concerning the sustainable development of the environment. Conclusion The entire study is reflecting the environmental management and the effects of the natural calamities over the environment. The study is identifying the necessity of the maintenance of the environmental aspects. The acts of deforestations, resource wasting, etc. are affecting the environment more specifically. The emission of carbon dioxide and CFC is significantly creating the environmental pollution, which is not only harmful to the human beings and other living beings as well. Even the wastages of the resources for the industrial business are also creating hazards in the environment. The changing climate is affecting the social, political, economical development. Therefore, it is much necessary to structure the natural resources and to use them for the welfare of the environment. Even the development of several technicalities can ensure the protection of the environment from Global warming. References Boer, G. (2010). Changes in Interannual Variability and Decadal Potential Predictability under Global Warming. Journal of Climate, 22(11), pp.3098-3109. Brandon, P. (2012). Sustainable development: ignorance is fatal what dont we know?. Smart and Sustainable Built Environment, 1(1), pp.14-28. Dernbach, J. and Mintz, J. (2011). Environmental Laws and Sustainability: An Introduction. Sustainability, 3(12), pp.531-540. Du, W. (2011). Cooperative Game on Economic Management of Air Environment. JSD, 4(1). Kaiposzta, J. (2013). New approaches to achieve sustainable regional development. Visegrad Journal on Bioeconomy and Sustainable Development, 2(2). Kolmannskog, V. (2013). What Gestalt Approaches Can Contribute to Climate Change Transformation. JSD, 6(10). Morelli, J. (2011). Environmental Sustainability: A Definition for Environmental Professionals. Journal of Environmental Sustainability, 1(1), pp.1-10. Nuangchalerm, P. and Kwuanthong, B. (2010). Teaching Global Warming  through Socioscientific issues-based Instruction. Asian Social Science, 6(8). Shen, B., Wang, J., Li, M., Li, J., Price, L. and Zeng, L. (2013). China's approaches to financing sustainable development: policies, practices, and issues. WENE, 2(2), pp.178-198. Suresh, H. (2011). Energy Resource Allocation for Sustainable Development: A Case Study. IJEE. Zhao, P., Yang, S. and Yu, R. (2010). Long-Term Changes in Rainfall over Eastern China and Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation Associated with Recent Global Warming. Journal of Climate, 23(6), pp.1544-1562.

Lessons Were Learned Essays - Fiction, Business,

Lessons Were Learned In high school, I was a bad kid. I didn't do drugs or drink beer, but I was bad. School wasn't a priority of mine during my junior year, and I failed all of my classes except weight training, ceramics, and jewelry. I lived for the bell at the end of the day. This was the first year that I drove, and I did it a lot. I had an old baby blue Chevrolet pickup that could fly like the wind. I met a lot of people, and gained some good friends. Towards the beginning of the year, I spent lots of my time with my friend Jim. He was into cars and he helped me a lot with my truck. We used to get to school early every day to get good parking. Sitting in his truck, we listened to music, talked about the most random things, and smoked cigarettes. We shared the same first class and were always late to it. We both failed it. Another cool friend that I had was Stacey. We had dated for a while back in the eighth grade, so I knew her pretty well. We both spent our free third period and our time after school together. Stacey's friend Scott was a senior whom I already knew because he was a friend of my older brother years earlier. Early in the school year, the three of us hung out on the weekends. Some time after Christmas, Scott and Stacey met Jim. We all seemed to get along well and had some good times together. We met Dan one day up at the smoking corner. Dan was a sophomore and also into trucks. John Basset, Jim's friend who lived in Issaquah, also had a big truck. I had previously met his girlfriend who went to our school. J.B.'s girlfriend, Vicki, was a bitch. Everyone knew it and they just dealt with it. The seven of us quickly became a close circle of friends. The whole gang, Jim, Vicki, J.B., Scott, Dan, Stacey and I, started hanging out a lot on the weekends. We used to go up to the mountains with all of our trucks and go 4-wheeling. We built huge bonfires and sat around them telling stories and sipping beer. This was my crew, my friends, and the main priority in my life. Sometime in March, things changed. One Saturday night while we were all together planning our mischief, Vicki and Stacey got in an argument. The argument almost got physical, but the boys and I stopped it just in time. It changed everything. Stacey didn't hang out with the crew after that, and I was the only one that still hung out with her. I dealt with separating my time between the crew and Stacey. That bothered me, but I did it because I wanted to keep all of my friends. At the end of my junior year, I spent the last day of school with Stacey. That Friday night I went over to Stacey's house and watched a movie. I had to be home that night by one o'clock. At twelve thirty, I went to the street to get in my truck, and as I put my hand on the door handle to open the door, I felt gooey stuff on the handle. As it got all over my hand, I looked at the ground and there were eggshells scattered about. Then I realized who had done this to me. The egg was still fresh, and it was all over the side of my truck. This meant that it hadn't been long since they egged my truck. Stacey and I hosed down the side of my truck and wiped it down with paper towels. After we cleaned it off, I got in the truck and there was egg all over the dash and on the floor. The culprits had opened the rear-sliding window and threw some eggs into the cab of my truck, which took me weeks to clean. As I was cleaning out the cab of the truck, I noticed a car creeping along on a crossing str eet about a half-mile away. The car's headlights were off. I grabbed my flashlight from

Australian Social Class Essays

Australian Social Class Essays Australian Social Class Paper Australian Social Class Paper Life chances include access to resources such as lath, education, occupation, housing and health. An individuals opportunities to access such resources vary according to social classes. To illustrate the extent to which a persons social class impacts on his or her life chances in Australia, this paper will begin with an examination of social class, including the major theories behind the concept of class. Life chances will also be defined, as will inequality and social mobility within Australia. Finally, evidence on how social class (particularly socio-economic status) Impacts life chances will be considered. Social class can be described as the hierarchical grouping of Individuals based on their economic position. While Australia is often described as an egalitarian society that is free of class barriers, Holmes et al argues that The rhetoric of equality becomes incomprehensible when basic measurements of inequality are looked at in any detail (Holmes, Hughes, Julian 2006 p. 91). According to data gathered by the United Nations Development Program, Australia is the worlds fifth-most unequal developed nation. Between the mid sasss and mid sasss, incomes of the top 20% of earners grew four times faster than that of the bottom 20%. Mishmash 2009, The Age 16 Gauge 2009). A study by Andrew Leigh revealed that in the early 1 asss, a CEO In a top 50 company earned 27 times more than the national average; only a decade later it was 98 times more. While these figures represent significant inequality wealth Australia, Elegies study also revealed that the Inequality gap In accumulated wealth Is twice as wide as it is in take home pay (Mishmash 2009, The Age 1 6 Gauge 2009). The existence of class within Australia can be explained from various theoretical perspectives, most of which are based on the class theories of Marx and Weber. Marx identified a two-class model, including an upper / ruling class that own the means of production and a working class that provide the labor for the ruling class. Weber expanded on Mars theory with the addition of two middle classes and also identified other indicators of class from within the social order that are more transparent, such as status groups. ASPI defines status as a system in which people are ranked on the basis of the amount of honor, prestige or esteem they receive (ASPI 1996 pop) While status differences can Influence variations In lifestyle, ASPI argues that It Is class differences that Influence life chances. Socio-economic status refers to a combination of the dimensions of class and status, of which wealth Is a central determinant. Almost all class theories recognize the existence of a ruling class, middle class and working class in Australia, however there is now debate over the existence of an underclass, consisting of the permanently unemployed and low income earners. The upper class consists of the wealthiest 5-10% of the population, whose wealth comes from the control of property and capital. ASPI argues that those who own and intro the economic resources are in a position to make important decisions about their own lives and the lives of other people, and often therefore determine the life chances of others (ASPI 1996 p. 77). The middle class consists mainly of individuals with non manual occupations and can be broken down to include upper middle class (professions egg doctors, dentists, lawyers etc) and lower middle class (routine white collar Jobs). The working class has been distinguished by its non ownership of the means of production. According to Marx, their role is to provide labor power to the lulling class. Traditionally consisting of manual workers and consistent with low income, the inferior market situation of this class is reflected in life chances. According to Van Krieger et al, various studies have shown that manual workers are more likely to die younger, suffer from poor health, miss out on home ownership, be convicted of a criminal offence and have children that do not go on to higher education. Perhaps the key determinant of socio-economic status or social class is wealth. Referring to the total assets or property that a person possesses, ASPI argues that Wealth confers economic and social power; it provides security in times of unexpected expenditure and provides greater freedom of choice in everyday life (ASPI 1996, pop). It is wealth that enables the purchase of assets such as housing and allows access to educational and health facilities. Without these, life chances are inhibited. Evidence suggests that wealth is heavily concentrated in Australia. A 2002 HILLS survey revealed that the bottom half of the population own less than 10% of the total household net worth While the wealthiest 10% account for 45% of total household net worth (Headed, Marks, Wooden 2004 p. L). Wealth is strongly linked to inheritance, thus maintaining its concentration. Just as wealth is linked to inheritance, so too is poverty. According to Orgy Where persons starts in the income and wealth distribution curve has an important bearing on their life chances (Orgy 2006, Pl 7). A 2005 study by The Brotherhood of SST Laurence found that those born into poverty have far higher instances of infant mortality, poor immunization against disease, higher risk of mental health problems, low birth weight babies and youth suicide (Scuttles Smyth, 2005 p ). Within Australia, evidence suggests that an individuals life chances are redundantly determined by his or her ascribed inequalities, such as gender, race and family background. In an a society with equality of opportunity it would be the achieved inequalities such as education, occupation and skills that would determine life chances, however as argued by ASPI He ascribed attribute of family background has a major influence on the education an individual will receive and on ten occupation en/seen wall enter, regardless AT ten telltales AT ten Uninominal (Aspen 1996, pop). The ascribed attribute of family background is a key determinant of social class. Social mobility refers to the ease and frequency by which indiv iduals can move up the social hierarchy to a higher class. Social mobility can occur either within an individuals lifetime (intra-generational mobility) or between generations (inter- generational mobility), and cab be used as a tool to measure the degree of equality within a society. In an egalitarian society, social mobility would be fluid. An individual born into a low social class would not necessarily remain stagnant within that class. This is not the case in most developed countries, including Australia. ASPI argues hat While it is possible in theory to move up the hierarchy, rags to riches stories are very rare and mobility is fairly limited (ASPI 1996, p. 72), while Orgy argues that there is a high degree of inter-generational transmission of poor social and economic outcomes in Australia (Orgy 2006, pop). There are several barriers inhibiting social mobility in Australia, resulting in a cycle of disadvantage for many. Such barriers include income and assets, employment, education, health and housing. The 2005 study by The Brotherhood of SST Laurence revealed that educational opportunities have a significant impact on the lower class. Children born into the underprivileged areas are less likely to have access to pre- schools, less likely to achieve adequacy in literacy and innumeracy tests and more likely to begin and remain in lower paying vocations. Perhaps one of the more compelling examples originates from a study conducted in Victoria and New South Wales that states 25% of all early school leavers come from Just 5% of postcodes (Scuttles and Smyth 2005, p. 17). Limitations on the lower classes to achieve wealth impacts their ability to provide adequate housing for their children. Scuttles and Smyth argue that a child raised without a secure home faces barriers to higher educational achievement and later Job security, which may lead to homeless raising families who in turn become homeless (Scuttles and Smyth 2005, p. 5). There are significant inequalities within Australia, indicating the existence of a hierarchical class structure. Australian society consists of an upper class, a middle class and a working class, although there is also debate on the existence of an underclass. An individuals position within this class structure largely ultimately determines his or her life chances. Opportunities to achieve desirable life outc omes, including wealth, occupation, quality education, good health and housing differ between the social classes. A lack of social mobility in Australia means social class in Australia operates cyclically. Those born into economic disadvantage are not only likely to remain that way, but will also eventually pass on their economic circumstances to their offspring. Similarly, those born into higher socio-economic families are more likely to have access to quality education, achieve occupational success, acquire wealth, enjoy better health and produce offspring that will in turn share the same opportunities.

Trends in Contemporary Society Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words - 1

Trends in Contemporary Society - Essay Example This will be followed by an exploration of the cellular phone and its relevance today. Looking at the trend of banning cell phone use while driving, this section will explore the ways in which the cellular phone is perceived of as a hazard while driving. Finally, we explore television as the most ubiquitous technological phenomenon and the ways in which this media helps further democracy and free thought. Significantly, technological trends are at the forefront of social change and the following will explore a multitude of technological trends and look at their social significance. iPod, through its parent company Apple Computers, has fundamentally transformed the ways in which people listen to music. Whether it is through the Ipod personal audio system, downloaded tracks through iTunes, or through the highly popular innovation of the iPhone, Apple has successfully appealed to its target demographic through a variety of innovative means. iPod has successfully outmaneuvered nearly all of its adversaries within the personal music field and radically transformed an industry. Whether it is the iPod shuffle, the iPod touch, classic or nano, this particular product continues to innovate and thus has maintained its supreme position at the helm of the personal listening device field. With bright new flashy skins, as well as a series of interfaces which tie directly into the Apple network, the innovation of the iPod continues and has ensured that this product remains at the forefront of an ever-changing industry. Teenagers are the primary audience for Apple’s st rategic marketing campaigns as they are also an important buying demographic unencumbered by major financial obligations. Teenagers are the demographic who may be able to afford to spend $250 on the latest iPod or the accessories associated with the latest personal mp3 player. Because teenagers often have more disposable and non-discretionary income than most other demographic groups, they

MRES7004 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

MRES7004 - Essay Example The application of the sequence produces a FID which is read to get the gradient required. Multiple frequencies are produced as the read gradient is applied. The variation of frequencies is linearly connected. The total change of frequency experienced depends on the position within the gradient. After the FID is acquired, it is treated with a Fourier transform. This produces a spectrum that displays peaks corresponding to different frequencies. The sum total of all signal intensity values at one single place of observation become individual peaks. A one dimensional quantity is produced by the application of the read gradient as it is independent of time. (Weishaupt et al., 2006) Phase Direction Encoding A phase gradient is applied after applying a read gradient and slice selection. This is otherwise known as phase encoding and tends to increase the nuclei’s frequency such that it precesses at different angles that all match up with the Larmor frequency. The increase of frequen cy due to the application of a phase gradient directly impacts the total phase change displayed by nuclei. However there is a need to discern different nuclei which can be done by the application of Fourier transforms. (Westbrook et al., 2005) Question Two Using the Fourier transforms helps to convert the available data from the time domain to the frequency domain. This can then be utilised to form two dimensional or three dimensional images based on available data. Data is spatially encoded before becoming a part of the k space and so its position within the k space can be determined accordingly. Application of the first Fourier transforms aids in interpreting the data values that were encoded in the read direction. This is useful in identifying the frequency (alternatively signal intensity) within the plane selected for the application of the read gradient. This makes it simple to differentiate the positions within the k space’s horizontal trajectory. The data obtained in t his way has its units changed from m-1 to m. Consequently only a one dimensional image is formed. (Woodward, 2001) Application of the second Fourier transform helps to differentiate various frequencies that were encoded along the phase direction after the application of a phase gradient. This transform separates all the values and lists them accordingly. The vertical k space trajectories are dealt with this transformation. The units again change from m-1 to m and the resulting image becomes two dimensional. (IMAIOS, 2009) The total k space contains data encoded from two directions that are the read and the phase directions. The read direction’s data is displayed as horizontal trajectories in the k space while the phase direction’s data is displayed as vertical trajectories in the k space. Fourier transforms aid in creating a complete two dimensional image of the concerned nuclear spin densities in relation to the slice positions. (Hashemi et al., 2004) Question Three V arious experimental factors affect transverse spin coherence as well as the k space. These factors and their effects are listed below. Radio Frequency Pulse: A radio frequency pulse at 90o is utilised along with the chief magnetic field to produce magnetism such that the Z direction vector reorients itself into the X plane the Y plane. The magnetism produced is subsequently de-phased both in the X plane and the Y plane. This requires one more re-phasing at 180o. Read Gradient: Read

How Brand Nokia Influences On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Marketing Essay

How Brand Nokia Influences On Consumer Purchasing Behaviour Marketing Essay 1.0 Introduction People live in the globe dominated by super brand however, the term brand which has sometime wrong definition and misunderstood by the consumer. Brand correspond in the form of logo, letter headed paper, graphic representations, critical thinking and attractive colour combination, signs and symbols, slogan that is common belief to everyone (http://www.redbullet.co.uk/). A brand is symbol and sign, name or product, service, concept or logo that distinguishes to identify and expressed a specific business or company, product, service which can be usually communicated to market to increase the consumer. According to the Business and Management of Dictionary, a brand is a name, sign or symbol used to identify items or services of the seller(s) and to differentiate them from goods of competitors. One of the most popular advertising companies Walter Landor said that basically, a brand just like a promise that associating and demonstrating a service or product which delivers a promise of sat isfaction and better quality (http://www.sideroad.com/Branding/). In addition, when an organization or company creates a colour full new logo or name for a particular products or service to introduce the competitive market, a brand has been developed or formed. On the other hand, Brand is protected by registering trademark or service mark from an authorized company, specially a government, so that organizations or parties have no permission to use same particular logo or name. It is tremendous effective elements of advertising to market for a company. It is represented of goods or services on behalf of brand owner are offering in the marketplace. Consumer behaviour is important value added to buy a brand product or services to justify the quality, price, colour and existence. In the market place branded products always high price and better quality such as Motorola, Samsung, than non branded product such as Chinese mobile. Customer may look or intention to buy quality, expensive bra nded product to evaluate of the reputation of the brand. It is very important of brand owner for company success, increase profit margin and spread reputation by giving better service, better quality product to keep the costumer. 2.0 Research Objectives The objectives of this research are as below: To examine the factors that influences the consumers to shift towards Nokia Brand. To Build new business strategy for the all level consumer. To use effective advertise to the target group(consumer) that will most be interested to consumer To study and establish a theory that, how Brand Influences consumers to purchases than retail store. To create a major selling idea for different consumer that Use the brand, the feeling get good to consumer. 3.0 Literature Review 3.1 Brand A brand is a symbol and symbols, names, or product, service or logo to identify the concept and is different with a specific business or company, product, service, which can normally be communicated to the market to increase to the consumer. Good brand images are instantly evoked, are positive, and are almost always unique among competitive brands. Brand image can of brand communications such as packaging to be strengthened, advertising, promotion, customer service and other aspects of the brand (http://www.asiamarketresearch.com/glossary/) Brand is the identity of the companys product, brand is very important. it brings popularity for enterprise product as well as fame, prestige, respect. Nowadays business competitive There are several brands on the market, everyone has their identity, make their mark. For example: I have new Wrangler jeans from a store, look good and I will share with my friends bought. Of course they ask me what the brand was. What is important here, the jeans brand, because the jeans, wrangler get the particular shop. The brand is very important to purchase an influence on consumers. (http://www.allinterview.com/showanswers/) 3.2 Attributes of strong brands -Excels at delivering deigned benefits -Stage relevant -Priced to meet perceptions of value -Well designed brand hierarchy -Positioned properly 3.3 The Role of Brands -Identify the maker -Simplify products holding -Organize accounting -Offer legal production -Signify quality -Creates barriers to entry 3.4 Types of Brand Marketing theory suggests that there are three types of brand names: Family brand Individual brand Combination brand In this paper I will go to Individual brand names which I selected Nokia, how it is it influences consumer to purchases. (http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/brand) logo.gif (http://shop.nokia.co.uk/nokia-uk/) 3.5 Nokia Brand Nokias first century began with Fredrik Idestam paper mill on the banks of the river Nokianvirta. Between 1865 and 1967, the company would become a major industrial power, but it took a merger with a cable company and a rubber company focused on the new Nokia Corporation is set on the way to electronics. (http://www.nokia.com/about-nokia/). Nokia is engaged in the manufacture of mobile devices and in converging Internet and communications industries with over 123,000 employees in 120 countries, sales in over 150 countries worldwide and annual sales of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 41,000,000,000 and operating profit of à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬ 1,200,000,000 in 2009. It is the worlds largest manufacturer of mobile phones. Its global device market share was about 39% in 2009, compared to 37% in 2008 and 38% in 2009, and its converged device market share was about 40% in 2008, compared to 35% in the year 2009. Nokia produces mobile devices for all major market segment and protocol, including GSM, CDMA and W-CDMA (UMTS). Nokia provides Internet services such as applications, games, music, cards, media and messaging platform with its Ovi (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nokia). 3.6 Nokia in Bangladesh Nokia is the worlds leading mobile phone supplier and a leading provider of mobile and fixed telecom networks including related customer service. When Nokia introduced into the market of Bangladesh, it was considered the largest market in the emerging markets in South Asia. Bangladesh has already become an attractive market for mobile phones with a user base of more than 10 million, and by the end of 2006, this figure is expected to cross 15 million. Nokia officials estimate that in addition to Bangladeshi market, the company is a healthy growth in Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and the Maldives in the coming days have. (http://www.southasiabiz.com/2006) Nokia market share 56.89% in Asia Bangladesh (March 2010)e 56.89% in Asia Bangladesh (March 2010)    http://stats.getjar.com/mr_technology_charts/as/Nokia_BD.png (http://stats.getjar.com/statistics/AS-BD/manufacturer/Nokia) 3.7 Consumer Behaviour Consumer behaviour concern the psychological processes that consumers go finished his/her needs, and normally find the way to work out these needs and make decision to purchase. For example: whether to buy a product, and if so, what brand and where information about interpret, make plans and implement these plans by comparing the offers, or actually buying a product (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/). 3.8 Sources of influence on the consumer There the many sources which influence the consumer behaviour. The below figure shows how many sources influences to consumer:    Influences on Consumer Behavior (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/). Social factors also influence consumer behaviour Cultural influences consumer behaviour Digital Revolution influences on Consumer Behaviour E-Shopping influences on consumer Behaviour 3.9 Decision making The five models imply that the customers can buy from each of five stages. However, for more workaday buy decision, the consumer may modify or delete some of the present. The first one is problem recognition The second step is information search The third step involves evaluation of alternatives Finally, the purchase stage, and post-purchase evolution buying_decision_process (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.10 Problem Recognition A product to buy is customer need recognition occurs when an individual senses a difference between what the consumer seems to be the ideal and the actual state of affairs. A consumer intended to buy things when they think the quality of a product to solve a problem, makes the recognition of the step on the sale of a product. Bad recognition sometimes recognized as a problem. For example, the car is always difficult to start and the acceleration is not good. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.11 Information Search Consumers to search for information in order to satisfy their unmet needs. Find inner can, bring knowledge from memory or external, it can, collecting data from their peers, family, and the marketplace. The efficient search for keywords such as social class, income, and size of purchase, the experience and perception determines (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer). 3.12 Evaluation of alternatives The next stage of the consumer decision process shall consider alternatives in the search identified at this stage, consumers are looking for answers to questions like, what are my options? And which is best? When they compare, contrast and select from different products or services. Consumers compare what they know about different products and brands, what to do with the key and begin to resolve in the area of narrow alternatives before finally considering buying one of them. It evaluates specific model to a set of attributes they used to put together, including safety, reliability, price, warranty, and the number of cup holders is based. It also considers how he felt things like property and assesses the use of the phone and where he might buy the phone, a comparison of the various traders and the atmosphere everyone sees. Although he feels some pressure to make decision, he has access to his fathers cell phone. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) Untitled.jpg 3.13 Purchase Behaviour Purchase is the third steps on Consumer Behaviours. After the decision to buy or not buy, he draws two stages. First, consumers choose one vendor over another vendor. Second, decisions concerning saving, by the seller, item displays, convinced media, paper and advertising. Under the plan, the consumer thinks of a particular article or brand to buy. But sometimes, but otherwise buy what they think, in the case of what to purchase during the purchase or the choice of the stage. A consumer prefers a retailer, but selects another in the event of a sale, promotional event, hour, place and problem of traffic. Fox buying products, it is important to examine the consumer motivation and to achieve this goal, easily use means-end chain. (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) The Means-End Chain: Consider a logical continuation of the consequences of product usage, which ultimately lead to the wanted end benefit. For example, Consumers will see a car with a big engine, resulting in rapid acceleration, resulting in a feeling of power, leading to a feeling of power, which will ultimately increase consumer self-esteem. http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/images/intro/Means-End_Chain.png (http://www.consumerpsychologist.com/intro_Consumer) 3.14 Post-purchase Post-purchase behaviour of consumers includes all the activities and experiences that following the purchase. Normally, after a purchase, consumers experience dissonance after purchase. Regret In other words, they make their purchase decision. The reasons for high dissonance after the purchase can be dispensed with the attractiveness and performance of the alternatives, be difficult to purchase, and large number of alternatives. (http://www.icmrindia.org/courseware/Consumer%) 4.0 Research Methodology A research design is the general plan, as we do about the answer to our question (s). (Saunders et al 2007) Usually it is threefold: exploratory, descriptive and explanatory (Philip Lewis et al 2007). The nature of our study is exploratory study is a valuable tool to find out what happened, to seek new insights, to ask questions and to assess phenomena in a new light (Robson, 2002, p59). There are three main ways of implementing our exploratory research. A search of the literature: some academic journal papers on computers networks. Interviewing experts in the subject. Conducting focus group interviews. There are three major ways of thinking about research philosophy: epistemology, ontology and axiology. Each provides important diversification is that the way you think influence on research. (Thorn hill et al., 2007) 4.1 Types of Research Methodology There are two approaches to deductive test theory and inductive theory-building. In deductive research, is a theory developed to explain the hypothesis, research design constructed and tested the hypothesis proved or disproved, and presented the findings as objective reality or laws. The process tends to be associated with the positivist approach in conjunction (Saunders et al., 2007). On the other hand, is the first data collected and analyzed in inductive research. A theory is how the data analysis is developed. This process tends to be associated with the interpretive approach in conjunction (Saunders et al., 2007). 4.2 Deductive approach My proposal is deductive research. Here we have set up a hypothesis. We construct a research design, hypothesis will be tested by an improved statistical method for the collection of data by interview method and the results will be entered with regard to the interpretation. Research method is a systematic and orderly approach to the collection and analysis of data acquired, so that information from these data (Jankowicz, 2005:209) can be obtained. Mentioned among the different methods of research by several authors, some general surveys, experiments, secondary data, observation techniques, grounded theory, action research and ethnography (Sigmund, 1997 and Saunders et al.2007). For the planned research of the scientists, the survey interview, characterized as the most appropriate. 5.0 Data Collection Method Research data are divided into two groups and these are primary and secondary data. For conducting any research data, both the groups are important, but is on the basis of strategy research focusing on specific data group presented. 5.1 Primary Data Primary data is data that is collected specifically for a particular research project for the first time (Maylor and Blackmon, 2005). The primary research can be qualitative, quantitative or both. In my thesis I will present the original data by using the collection of questions and interviews. 5.1.1 Interview It can be taken by individual or by a group. I take the consumer interview that buy Nokia product and interviews that Nokia does not use fire. I think the interviews I will answer directly from the customers. 5.1.2 Questionnaires It is the most popular way of gathering information. It would need an open and close both. The advantage of the questionnaire, I can collect the data by all or a sample of people. 5.1.3 Main sample Sampling is the small proportion of the population in this thesis topic, my example will be the customers of Nokia, employees and managers from Nokia, Nokias competitors, Nokia and age wise user. 5.2 Secondary Data According to Collis and Hussey secondary data on the collection of data from previous studies or studies conducted or done to or gathered by other researchers (Collis Hussey, 2003). Therefore, secondary data from the literature or in documents such as academic research papers can be collected, corporate annual reports, statistics, published advertisements, and statements. In my thesis I will use some relevant books, journals, articles and previous research at the University of Wales Library have available through various books, to have a clear idea about the subject. I will use the Internet as information, articles and magazines. . Magazines are comparatively contains several new concepts and ideas, and up to date information. In my dissertation, I will for literature research and secondary data analysis of the relationship between brand and consumer, brand influences the buying behaviour of consumers, Brad and retention, critical evaluation of the classical theories of brand influences on the attitudes of consumers to purchase used. (http://www.ejbrm.com/vol2/v2-i2/vol2-issue2-art7-knox.pdf, p-123) For any research or any query, if I have the onion diagram it is easy for me to follow my dissertation done in time. 7.0 Limitations There are no available resources for this research. The Nokia brand in Bangladesh market place is too far from here to gather information to effectively complete the research proposal. There are some restrictions on such research, such as: Limited study had been done earlier. Lack of data and information available for research. Lack of consumer behaviour tools through survey. Lack of ration analysis Nokia and non brand Nokia user. 8.0 Time Scale 9.0 Conclusion In Conclusion, this research paper proposed how Brand Nokia influences to consumer purchases behaviour. In my dissertation I will identify some factors that Brand Nokia influences on the customers attitude towards purchase and to establish a theory regarding the business interface and also consumer attitude for purchase. And from this research methodology I will use a Deductive analysis where the data were collected by distributing questionnaire, interview and testing towards the people of Bangladesh Marketplace. In my dissertation, I will also focus comparison between Nokia and other band such as: LG, Sony Ericsson, and Samsung; on consumer purchasing behaviour. This proposal has some limitation and some incomplete information because I did not spend more time and more market survey in different segment towards consumer purchase behaviour on brand product Nokia. Finally, in my dissertation I will give more effective information and add consumer true feelings and give proper informat ion about their preferences, intention, about the product and Understanding their attitude, motivation.

British Criminology

Knowledge is very important to a concept like criminology that is both empirically and theoretically based. However, it cannot be avoided that in certain aspect criminology may lack specific necessities especially in some countries where the criminal justice system is rather not yet fully developed. The development of the aspect of criminology is very important in addressing criminality and crimes. The effectiveness of the justice system, particularly of the criminal justice system is greatly dependent on the comprehensiveness and stability of criminology.In Britain, knowledge is equally acknowledged as an important aspect of criminology. Thus, knowledge has been constructed in the British criminology since the year 1960 (Soothill & Peelo, 2007). Criminologists recognized the importance of research Exercises and citations in their jobs in order to establish authority and legal basis (Soothill & Peelo, 2007). Criminology According to the British Society of Criminology (2005), criminol ogy is both a theoretical and an empirical discipline that draws on the range of human and social science disciplines.The British Society of Criminology (2005) likewise added that at the heart of criminology â€Å"are theoretical debates about a wide range of perspectives†. According to them, criminology should emphasize the relevance of a firm and strong knowledge base to serve as evidence and basis for its theories and for the evaluation of the crime control policies (British Society of criminology, 2005). Strong knowledge base on this aspect is very important because it ensures that there are reasonably reliable pieces of evidence that has been consulted during the judicial enquiry.However, it is believed that in pursuing these values, it is necessary that a lively debate should be nurtured that employs both qualitative and quantitative data in a dialogue between a range of methodological and theoretical perspectives (British Society of Criminology, 2005). Criminology shou ld ensure that a premature foreclosure of this dialogue be not resorted to favoring certain sub-discipline fields, either endorsed by state officials, the mass media, or by fashions of academic thought (British Society of Criminology, 2005).Criminology is also empirically concerned with the â€Å"processes of criminalization and victimization; and the causes and organization of crime and deviance† (British Society of Criminology, 2005). In criminology, it is important that criminologists have the necessary knowledge in relation to criminality so that they can identify crimes, treats the same and provide for punishments. This is very important because if criminologists do not have the proper knowledge, they may not readily recognize a crime once they encounter the same, hence failure to address it.Criminology is also concerned with the â€Å"process of managing crime, deviance, and victimization, including policing, criminal justice and penalty, community safety and less form al means of addressing criminality (British Society of Criminology, 2005). For criminologists, in order for them to effectively handle and address criminality and decrease crime rates, they should be able to crimes under the authority of police power and the corresponding function of a judicial authority.For example, as criminology includes policing, it is important that the criminologists know the rules and laws governing the proper execution of the power of a police officer. He should make sure that rights are not violated in the process. As a social discipline, criminology is constantly changing with its subject fast-moving both in theory and methodological development. The changes correspond with the equally fast changes in the social environment.Moreover, the change is due to the system’s intention to capture the changes and interaction of ideas into a more complex methodological dialogue about its relevance to the social life. In its modern form, criminology is characte rized by issues on how to: †¢ â€Å"Operationalize its theories in conducting research† (British Society of Criminology, 2005) – the changes may be necessary so that new ideas and criminological concepts may be formulated through research.The debates are important because they determine the endless possibilities in relation to the application of criminology in social life. Criminology is concerned on how research and knowledge can be used n order to make effective criminology itself. For example, criminology is important in order to conduct and study specific occurrences in relation to criminality and deviance; †¢ â€Å"Explain its subject matter† (British Society of Criminology, 2005) – Knowledge in relation to criminology is likewise important in order to understand its nature and applicability.Criminology endeavors to make its own extent comprehensive and understandable by the public so that they can be consulted in cases of incidents its app lication may be necessary; †¢ â€Å"inform the debates over crime control policy; the links between criminal and social justice, and the expanding knowledge bases of the crime and justice related professions† (British Society of Criminology, 2005) – Modern criminology is a way to provide the public with knowledge base on how social justice may be promoted and how rights may be protected even in cases of criminal infringements.It should be noted however that under criminology, by concept of social justice in relation to crimes should mean that criminology should comprehend all aspects of social justice even as it involves the criminal. Criminology, as a knowledge base is used by legal and justice related professionals in the pursuance of social justice and the treatment of crimes. According to the British Society of Criminology (2005), as a changing academic discipline, its knowledge base should necessarily change to address the corresponding changes in its environ ment.â€Å"As such, the importance attached to different classical and contemporary theories will continually change† (British Society of Criminology, 2005). The changes in the â€Å"classical and contemporary theories also requires changes in theories and application in the various areas of criminological enquiry (British Society of Criminology, 2005). Moreover, â€Å"such new areas may also be generated by changing political and social concerns, or by changes within another discipline, such as philosophy† (British Society of Criminology, 2005).For example, the constant change in criminology may be brought about by technological advancements. As new technologies and device are created, corresponding laws relating to specific acts may be enacted in order to identify criminality of specific acts in relation to these advancements, which in the past may not be covered by law or criminological precedents. Specifically, as has been experienced, many scrupulous machinations have been resorted to by some criminals in order to avoid prosecution because certain acts may not be covered by a law that penalizes crimes.In the case of crimes related to the Internet, many have escaped prosecution because past laws do not cover acts committed through and via the Internet. â€Å"Criminology, like all social sciences, is both theoretically and evidence based that requires the comprehension of specific issues† (British Society of Criminology, 2005). The importance of knowledge base in criminology has prompted the British Society of Criminology (2006) to create the Code of Ethics for researchers in the Field of Criminology.This is because of the fact that it is the researchers who gather and make use of the knowledge as a product of their research and used in the judicial inquiry. Among others, the Code serves as guidance to researchers in the field of criminology to aid them â€Å"in keeping with the aims of the society to value and promote the highest eth ical standards in criminological research† (British Society of Criminology, 2006).According to this Code, and as a guiding principle of the British Society of Criminology, â€Å"researchers should ensure that research is undertaken to the highest methodological standard and the highest quality in order that maximum possible knowledge and benefits accrue to the society† (British Society of Criminology, 2006). The Code ensures that researchers only gather the most credible and highest standard of knowledge in order to establish a sound criminal justice system. The aspect of criminology should be ensured to be given that taint of authority and credibility so that the people can develop trust and confidence to its concept.Specifically, according to the British Society of Criminology (2006), the researcher has the following responsibilities: General Responsibilities The researcher should endeavor to: 1. â€Å"Advance knowledge about criminological issues† (British Soc iety of Criminology, 2006) – as criminal researchers, it is their responsibility to ensure that they accumulate a sustained knowledge base with comprehensive application to cover the various criminological issues and its relationship to each other.For example, researchers, in tackling a criminal issue should consider it in relation to specific laws and its relationship to any other issues and laws that may somehow be directly or indirectly affect its applicability and outcomes. This can be explained in the various aspects of criminology as in the case of policing as it relates to the crime busting and crime punishment. In policing, researchers should not only provide knowledge that pertain to policing but on how to execute this authority in connection with the rights of the people and the rights of the public being protected.2. â€Å"Identify and seek to ameliorate factors which restricts the development of their professional competence and integrity† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – As researchers undergo research, criminological knowledge should also be accumulated that provides guidance on how restrictions may be avoided and the full application of this knowledge can be attained. Researchers should also identify how they can improve their competence and the reliability and credibility of criminology by giving knowledge and criminology with known integrity;3. â€Å"Seek appropriate experience or training to improve their professional competence, and identify and deal with any factors which threaten to restrict their professional integrity† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – In criminology, criminologists and researchers should endeavor to improve competence by undergoing trainings and continuous improvement and enhancement of knowledge and qualities that can help improve criminology through improved knowledge base derived from meaningful research; 4.â€Å"Refrain from laying claim, directly or indirectly, to expertise in areas of criminology which they do not have† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – as researchers tasks with the gathering of criminological knowledge, they should avoid assumptions and the incorporation of personal views and opinions that are not validated and unsupported by actual facts and information. For example, in the judicial inquiry, it is important that the research provide information so that the proper authorities can come up with a decision regarding a controversy through validated precedents and established facts;5. â€Å"Take all reasonable steps to ensure that their qualifications, capabilities or views are not misrepresented by others† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – sometimes the quality of the criminological knowledge is dependent on how it is presented and fed to the people and those intended to use the same. In this regard, researchers should endeavor to provide criminological knowledge that are well organized and understandable, avoiding vagueness and allow for not biased interpretations;6. â€Å"Correct any misrepresentations and adopt the highest standards in all their professional relationships with institutions and colleagues whatever their status† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – misrepresentations, should, at all times be avoided to maintain the highest standard of criminological knowledge formed only by information provided by proper authorities and backed up with supporting evidence and justification;7. â€Å"Respect their various responsibilities as outlined in the Code† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – in order for the researcher to be able to recognize and comprehend the various knowledge available, he should comply with all the rules and ethical standards being imposed by the Code; 8.â€Å"Keep up to date with ethical and methodological issues in the field, for example by reading research monographs and participating in training ev ents† (British Society of Criminology, 2006) – researchers should ensure the quality and integrity of the criminological knowledge by adhering to ethical principles that will attach credibility to the research process, the researchers and the outcomes; 9. â€Å"Check the reliability of their sources of information, in particular when using the internet† (British Society of Criminology, 2006).Responsibilities towards the Discipline of Criminology In addition to these general responsibilities, they also have responsibilities to others in the practice under the same field. He has the responsibility to promote advancement and effectiveness of information dissemination and to protect intellectual and professional freedom (British Society of Criminology, 2006). He can do this by acknowledging the various research processes and the authenticity and the integrity of knowledge.In addition, he also has the responsibility to promote conducive environment and relationship wi th other professionals and the environment because this will dictate the quality of knowledge and criminology as a whole. â€Å"More specifically, researchers should promote free and independent inquiry into criminological matters and unrestricted dissemination of criminological knowledge† (British Society of Criminology, 2006). Unrestricted dissemination of criminological knowledge is important in the determination of the quality and applicability of the knowledge in relation to various aspects of criminology.â€Å"Researchers should endeavor to ensure that the methodology employed and the research findings are open for discussion and peer review† (British Society of Criminology, 2006). This respects the functions of other professionals and allow for checks and balances and the review of the reliability of the information. In the process, it can improve the quality of the information because other minds can be consulted with their own views and research incorporated t o the knowledge base. Development of British CriminologyThe development of British criminology has been discussed in a number of instances by various authors and scholars expert to their respective fields of criminology. For example, in his book, Tierney discussed the development of criminology in relation to the various cultural and societal influences that had shaped it. For example, he discussed how American criminology has affected and shaped the British criminology by providing a well-organized discussion of the various influences in the various stages of the development of British criminology.In Maguire, Morgan & Reiner: The Oxford Handbook of Criminology, it is said that the history of criminology is perhaps too complex to be captured in a single text; however, despite its comprehensive and compendious relevance, collections of books and writings did a good job in outlining its development and its areas of descent and growth as it is discussed in the books, The Origins and Gr owth of Criminology by Piers Beirne and The History of Criminology by Paul RockAfter which, a series of studies have been conducted headed by Michael Foucalt (1977) in his work Discipline and Punish wherein he analyzed and discussed the role of power knowledge in relation to the various disciplinary and governmental institutions. Meanwhile, in an other essay authored by Pasquale Pasquino entitled, The Invention of criminology: Birth of a Special Savior; and The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality by Burchell, Gordon and Miller, they discussed criminal delinquent as a new subject for scientific and administrative issue in the nineteenth-century Europe.They view the development of criminology as a necessary aspect of a society to address delinquencies. Criminology is important in the administration of justice and the treatment of delinquent behavior. In addition, in the work, Punishment and Welfare: A History of Penal Strategies (1985), it was discussed the developing criminol ogical aspect anchored and revolving around the penal-welfare institutions in Britain as the twentieth century culminates.Other than these works, there are other meaningful accounts on the development of criminology in Britain like Radsinowicz’ memoir, Adventures in Criminology (1999) as well as Clarke and Cornish’s (1983), â€Å"Crime Control in Britain: A Review of Policy Research, which among others discussed the development of Home Office. Cohen on the other hand offers a sociological analysis of the post-war developments in relation to British Criminology; while Fitzgerald, McLeenan and Pawson (1981) discussed the intellectual tensions that affected the British criminology especially during the period of the 1960s and 1970s.In Sumner’s (1994), The Sociology of Deviance: An Obituary, he laid down an extended history of the sociology of deviance in critical analysis with the issue of criminology. The contemporary aspect of the development of British criminol ogy are further discussed by Nelken (1994) and Holdaway and Rock (1998). According to Newburn and Vagg (1998), it was only ten years since the first British Criminology Conference and much has changed from that time. Initially, at about 1987, many criminological researches were carried out by a small number of researchers and their works are often the sole representative of criminological inquiry.This only means that with this system, criminological knowledge in solving crimes is limited. In addition, knowledge may not always be that comprehensive and reliable. It was then possible that mistakes may continue on to court decisions without verification. As a result, judicial inquiry may have outcomes that may be of poor legal basis. But now, criminology and criminologists proliferate (Newburn, & Vagg, 1998). The development of criminology in Britain underwent an elusive transformation through the combined efforts of numerous criminologists and judicial authorities.It helped in the imp rovement of the criminal justice system and the aspect of criminology in the country especially with the fact that many criminologists can readily ignore writing that are more than fifteen years old, â€Å"with evident consequences for the public presentation and validation of expert knowledge† (Soothill, & Peelo, 2007). However, it should be noted that as a discipline that constantly change, writings in support of judicial enquiry should also be updated. Writings that are more than fifteen years old may not be as credible as the contemporary views.In this regard, criminology and criminological research is very important so that this deficiency may be addressed. This is the reason why criminological knowledge is very important especially in the treatment of crimes. The quality of criminological knowledge determines the quality of criminologists and the quality of crime related policies in a society. â€Å"Criminology, like all social sciences, is both theoretically and evide nce based that requires the comprehension of specific issues† (British Society of Criminology, 2005).In this regard, criminological knowledge ensures that it is presented with reliable and verified evidence to support its applicability and its relevance to specific issues. References British Society of Criminology. (2005). Criminology Benchmarks. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from www. c-sap. bham. ac. uk/subject_areas/criminology/Criminology_Benchmarks. doc British Society of Criminology (2006). Code of Ethics for Researchers in the Field of Criminology. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://www. britsoccrim. org/ethical.htm Burchell, G. , Gordon, C. , & Miller, P (1991). The Foucalt Effect: Studies in Governmentality, London:Harvester Wheatsheaf. Clarke, R. V. G. , Cornish, D. (1983). Crime and Control in Britain: A Review of Policy Research. Albany: State University of New York. Cohen, S. (n. d. ). Footprints on the Sand: A Further report on Criminology and the Sociology of D eviance in Britain. Fitzgerald, M. , McLeenan, G. , Pawson, J. (1981). Crime and Society: Readings in History and Theory. London: Routledge. Foucault, M.(1977). Discipline and Punish. London: Allen Lane. Holdaway, S. , & Rock, P. (1998). Thinking About Criminology. London: UCL Press. Maguire, Morgan & Reiner: The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (n. d. ). Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://www. oup. com/uk/orc/bin/9780199249374/resources/reading/ch01/ Nelken, D. (1994). The Futures of Criminology. London: Sage. Newburn, T. , & Vagg, J. (1995). The British Criminology Conferences: Selected Proceedings. Retrieved January 9, 2008, from http://www. britsoccrim.org/volume1/001. pdf Pasquino, P. (n. d. ). The Invention of Criminology: Birth of a Special Savior. Punishment and Welfare: A History of penal Strategies (1985). Aldershot: Gower. Radzinowicz. (1999). Adventures in Criminology. London: Routledge. Soothill, K. , 7 Peelo, M. (2007). Constructing British Criminology. Howard Journa l of Criminal Justice, 46 (5), 476-492. Sumner, C. (1994). The Sociology of Deviance: An Obituary. Buckingham: Open University Press. Tierney, J. (n. d. ). Criminology: Theory and Context.